{"id":90,"date":"2011-08-15T11:27:00","date_gmt":"2011-08-15T11:27:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lidaprypchan.org\/?p=90"},"modified":"2015-07-19T20:22:52","modified_gmt":"2015-07-19T20:22:52","slug":"schizophrenia-and-creativity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lidaprypchan.org\/?p=90","title":{"rendered":"Schizophrenia and Creativity"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
By Colette Inaba<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Schizophrenia and Creativity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u201cThe truly creative person is \u2028one who can think crazy\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
-Frank Goble<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u201cThere was never a genius without \u2028a tincture of madness\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
-Aristotle<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u201cThe distance between insanity and \u2028genius is measured only by success\u201d -Bruce Feirstein \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Outline \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Illness and Creativity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Traits Shared by \u2028Schizophrenic and Creative Individuals<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Common Pathophysiology<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Clinical Implications<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Creativity \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Generation of unique \u2028activities or ideas that are novel and useful or meaningful (vs. bizarre) to a community, as determined by cultural context<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Creation of a new concept \u2028from unrelated existing ones<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Abstraction from conventional \u2028thinking<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Illness and Creativity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
More Time<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Fewer responsibilities (e.g. work) \u2028during illness = more time<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
More Motivation<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Suffering may motivate patients to \u2028find creative solutions to cure or treat their illness<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Mental Illness Linked to Creativity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Schizotypy<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Hypomania<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 History of Depression<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Parkinson\u2019s Drugs<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Frontotemporal dementia<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Contradictory evidence \u2028for association between schizophrenia and creativity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Schizophrenia: \u2028Review<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Positive Symptoms<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Hallucinations<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Delusions<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Disorganized thought<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Disorganized\/catatonic \u2028behavior<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Negative Symptoms<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Affective flattening<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Alogia<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Avolition<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Famous \u2028People with Schizophrenia<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 John Nash\u2014mathematician<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Tom Harrell\u2014jazz trumpeter \u2028and composer<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Andy Goram\u2014soccer player<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Lionel Aldridge\u2014football \u2028player<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Peter Green\u2014guitarist \u2028and composer<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Syd Barrett\u2014singer-songwriter, \u2028guitarist, painter<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Alexander \u201cSkip\u201d Spence\u2014singer-songwriter, \u2028guitarist<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Bob Mosley\u2014songwriter, \u2028bassist<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Roger Kynard \u201cRoky\u201d \u2028Erickson\u2014singer-songwriter, guitarist<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Joe Meek\u2014songwriter, \u2028record producer<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Jim Gordon\u2014songwriter, \u2028drummer<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Charles \u201cBuddy\u201d Bolden\u2014jazz \u2028cornetist<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Antoin Artaud\u2014playwright, \u2028poet, actor<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Vaclav Nijinsky\u2014ballet \u2028dancer and choreographer<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 John Kerouac\u2014novelist \u2028and poet<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
The Arts: the imaginative, creative, and nonscientific branches of knowledge<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 John Nash\u2014mathematician<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Tom Harrell\u2014jazz \u2028trumpeter and composer<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Andy Goram\u2014soccer \u2028player<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Lionel \u2028Aldridge\u2014football player<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Peter Green\u2014guitarist \u2028and composer<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Syd Barrett\u2014singer-songwriter, \u2028guitarist, painter<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Alexander \u2028\u201cSkip\u201d Spence\u2014singer-songwriter, guitarist<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Bob Mosley\u2014songwriter, \u2028bassist<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Roger Kynard \u2028\u201cRoky\u201d Erickson\u2014singer-songwriter, guitarist<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Joe Meek\u2014songwriter, \u2028record producer<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Jim Gordon\u2014songwriter, \u2028drummer<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Charles \u2028\u201cBuddy\u201d Bolden\u2014jazz cornetist<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Antoin \u2028Artaud\u2014playwright, poet, actor<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Vaclav \u2028Nijinsky\u2014ballet dancer and choreographer<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 John Kerouac\u2014novelist \u2028and poet<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Schizophrenia and Creativity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Schizophrenic individuals \u2028are more likely to:<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Think of uncommon uses \u2028for common objects<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Be overly inclusive in \u2028word-association tests<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Individuals with schizotypic \u2028or psychotic traits show:<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Reduced latent inhibition<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Increased openness to unusual \u2028ideas<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Increased loose associational \u2028thinking<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Increased bilateral cerebral \u2028activation<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Neuroregulin 1 gene is \u2028associated with both high creativity and increased risk of psychosis \u2028and schizophrenia<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Greater bilateral activation in creative people: approach + novelty<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Frontal<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Action \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Right<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Avoidance and withdrawal \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Recognizes novel stimuli \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Ignores familiar stimuli \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Left<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Curiosity and pursuit \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Recognizes familiar stimuli<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Ignores novel stimuli \u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Schizophrenia and Creativity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Cerebral \u2028Functional Asymmetry<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Increased bilateral activation \u2028in creative people:<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
curiosity & pursuit (left) + novelty (right)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Correlation between reduced \u2028asymmetry and severity of positive symptoms in schizophrenic individuals<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 family members of schizophrenics \u2028have intermediate asymmetry<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Schizophrenic individuals \u2028are more likely to be left-handed or mixed-handed compared to healthy \u2028controls<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 mixed-handedness is correlated \u2028with increased magical thinking<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 creative artists are also \u2028more likely to report nonright-handedness<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Cerebral \u2028Functional Asymmetry<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Severe schizophrenic symptoms \u2028are associated with diminished creativity\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 poor cognitive and executive \u2028function<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 There is an association \u2028between creativity and schizotypy or close relatives of schizophrenic \u2028\u2028patients<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 higher schizotypy scores \u2028in creative and artistic people<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 higher creative achievement \u2028in families of mentally ill individuals<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 higher incidence of mental \u2028illness in families of creative individuals<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Pathophysiology \u2028of Schizophrenia<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Leading hypotheses:<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Dopamine dysregulation<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Serotonin dysregulation<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Deficient glutamate neurotransmission \u2028via NMDA receptor<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Altered GABA neurotransmission\u2014reduced \u2028GABA synthesis and reuptake<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Dopamine and Schizophrenia<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Positive symptoms result \u2028from subcortical dopaminergic hyperactivity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 severity of positive symptoms \u2028correlated with concentration of dopamine<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 increased release of dopamine \u2028in striatum in response to amphetamines<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 secondary to increased \u2028ventral hippocampal activity?<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Efficacy of D2 receptor \u2028antagonists in reducing psychotic symptoms<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Dopamine Pathways<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Negative Symptoms \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Positive Symptoms \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Ventral \u2028Tegmental Area<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Creativity is also correlated \u2028with subcortical dopamine hyperactivity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Dopamine is associated with<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 motivation, imagination, curiosity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 excessive goal-directed activity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 enhanced mental imagery: \u2028hallucinations, metaphors, scientific insight<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 improved working memory, mental associations<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 decreased latent inhibition<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 increased associative thinking<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Dopamine and Creativity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Before treatment \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
levadopa +<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
cabergoline<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Clinical Implications<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Consider potential loss \u2028of creativity in schizophrenic patients secondary to treatment with \u2028\u2028dopamine antagonists<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 e.g. businessman who loses \u2028his job due to fewer marketing ideas<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Consider increased creative \u2028motivation secondary to treatment with dopamine agonists<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 association with impulse-control \u2028problems, hallucinations<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 All else being equal, to \u2028minimize loss of creativity use:<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 stimulating > sedating medications<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 atypical > typical antipsychotics<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
Summary \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Overlap between schizophrenia \u2028and creativity:<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 loosening of associations \u2028and low latent inhibition<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 reduced cerebral asymmetry<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 dopamine hyperactivity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Severe symptoms may be \u2028associated with decreased creativity due to poor cognitive\/executive functioning<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Consider effects of medications on patients whose livelihood depends on creativity<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2028\u2028\u2028\u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
References \u2028<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Abraham A, Windmann S, \u2028McKenna P, Gunturkun O (2007) Creative thinking in schizophrenia: the \u2028\u2028role of executive dysfunction and symptom severity. Cog \u2028\u2028Neuropsych. 12:235-258.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Carey RJ, Pinheiro-Carrera \u2028M, Dai H, Tomaz C, Huston JP (1995) L-DOPA and psychosis: evidence for \u2028\u2028L-DOPA-induced increases in prefrontal cortex dopamine and in serum \u2028\u2028corticosterone. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;38:669.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Flaherty AW (2011) Brain \u2028illness and creativity: mechanisms and treatment risks. Can J \u2028\u2028Psych. 56:132-143.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 The Huxley Institute for \u2028Biosocial Research. What Schizophrenia Does.http:\/\/www.schizophrenia.org\/artist.html \u2028(Aug. 8, 2011)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 The Internet Mental Health \u2028Initiative (2010) Famous People with Schizophrenia.http:\/\/www.schizophrenia.com\/famous.htm \u2028(July 27, 2011)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Keri S (2009) Genes for \u2028psychosis and creativity. Psychol Sci. 20:1070-1073.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Kulisevsky J, Pagonabarraga \u2028J, Martinez-Corral M (2009) Changes in artistic style and behavior in \u2028\u2028Parkinson\u2019s Disease: dopamine and creativity. J Neurol. 256:816-819.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Lewis DA, Gonzalez-Burgos \u2028G (2006) Pathophysiologically based treatment interventions in schizophrenia. \u2028\u2028Nat Med. 12:1016-1022.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Lodge DJ, Grace AA \u2028(2011) Hippocampal dysregulation of dopamine system function and the \u2028\u2028pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Trends \u2028\u2028Pharm Sci. doi:10.1016\/j.tips.2011.05.001.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Oertel-Knochel V, Linden \u2028DEJ (2011) Cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia. The Neuroscientist. \u2028\u2028April 25, 2011. DOI: 10.1177\/1073858410386493<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u2022 Preti A, Vellante M (2007) \u2028Creativity and psychopathology: higher rates of psychosis proneness \u2028\u2028and nonright-handedness among creative artists compared to same age \u2028\u2028and gender peers. J Nerv Ment Dis. 195:837-845.<\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 By Colette Inaba \u00a0 Schizophrenia and Creativity \u2028\u2028 \u201cThe truly creative person is \u2028one who can think crazy\u201d \u00a0 -Frank Goble \u00a0 \u201cThere was never a genius without \u2028a tincture of madness\u201d \u00a0 -Aristotle \u00a0 \u201cThe distance between insanity and \u2028genius is measured only by success\u201d -Bruce Feirstein \u2028 \u2028\u2028\u2028 \u00a0 Outline \u2028 \u00a0 … <\/p>\n

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